As a dentist in Ann Arbor also serving patients in Canton, Farmington Hills and Livonia, for over a decade, I’ve helped countless patients understand when they need dental crowns. I often find that many people are uncertain about the signs indicating they need a dental crown, leading them to delay necessary treatment. Today, I’d like to share my expertise on the clear indicators that suggest you might need this important dental restoration.

A dental crown is essentially a protective cap that fits over your natural tooth, designed to restore its strength, function, and appearance. In my practice at Laurich Dentistry, I’ve observed that recognizing the signs you need a dental crown early can prevent more serious complications down the road.

Let’s explore the seven most common signs that indicate you might need a dental crown, based on my extensive clinical experience treating dental patients in Ann Arbor community.

One of the most obvious signs you need a dental crown is a cracked or fractured tooth. In my practice, I frequently see patients who’ve cracked their teeth from biting down on hard foods or through accidents. When a tooth is cracked, it becomes vulnerable to further damage and infection. A dental crown can effectively protect the damaged tooth by holding it together and preventing the crack from expanding.

When decay has compromised a significant portion of your tooth, a simple filling may not provide adequate protection. As a dentist, I often recommend dental crowns when the decay affects more than 50% of the tooth width. The crown provides comprehensive coverage and protection, preventing further decay while restoring the tooth’s functionality.

One subtle but important indicator that you might need a dental crown is persistent tooth sensitivity. In my experience treating patients at my Ann Arbor dental practice, I’ve noticed that teeth requiring crowns often exhibit heightened sensitivity to hot and cold temperatures. This sensitivity occurs because the tooth’s protective layers have been compromised, exposing the sensitive inner structures.

When your bite feels off or you’re experiencing difficulty chewing, these could be signs you need a dental crown. I’ve treated numerous patients whose worn-down or damaged teeth have affected their bite alignment. A properly fitted crown can restore proper bite mechanics and eliminate discomfort while chewing.

While not all discolored teeth require crowns, severe discoloration that doesn’t respond to traditional whitening methods might indicate deeper structural issues. In my practice, I’ve found that significant discoloration often coincides with other problems that make a crown necessary, such as previous root canal treatment or internal tooth damage.

If you have a tooth with multiple fillings or particularly large ones, this could be one of the signs you need a dental crown. Through my years of experience, I’ve observed that teeth with numerous fillings become structurally compromised over time. A crown can provide the necessary protection and prevent potential fractures.

After root canal therapy, the treated tooth often requires a crown for protection. At my dental practice in Ann Arbor, I always explain to patients that a crown is typically necessary following a root canal to prevent the weakened tooth from breaking during normal use.

Understanding these signs is crucial for maintaining your oral health. As your local dentist in Ann Arbor also serving patients in Canton, Farmington Hills and Livonia, I recommend scheduling a consultation if you’re experiencing any of these symptoms. Early intervention with a dental crown can prevent more extensive and expensive treatments in the future.

The process of getting a crown is straightforward and typically requires just two visits to our office. During your first visit, we’ll prepare the tooth and take precise measurements to ensure your crown fits perfectly. At the second visit, we’ll permanently secure your custom-made crown, restoring both function and aesthetics to your smile.

Don’t wait until these signs worsen. If you’re noticing any of these indicators and think you might need a dental crown in Ann Arbor, I encourage you to contact our office. Our experienced team is ready to evaluate your specific situation and determine if a dental crown is the right solution for you. We’re committed to providing comfortable, high-quality dental care to our community.

Schedule your consultation today by calling (734) 975-6700 or reaching out on our contact form. Let us help you maintain a healthy, beautiful smile with the appropriate dental treatment, whether that includes a crown or other dental solutions. Your oral health is our priority, and we’re here to guide you through every step of your dental care journey.

Many patients ask me “How long do dental crowns last?” As a dentist in Ann Arbor also serving patients in Canton, Farmington Hills and Livonia, I’m here to provide a comprehensive guide about dental crown lifespan and help you understand what affects how long dental crowns last in your specific case.

Understanding How Long Dental Crowns Last: The Science 

Clinical research published in multiple peer-reviewed dental journals shows that with proper care, dental crowns last between 10-15 years on average. The dental crown lifespan can vary significantly based on several factors. A landmark study tracking the placement of over 2,300 crowns found that 97% remained fully functional at the 10-year mark, while 85% maintained optimal performance after 15 years.

Factors Affecting Your Dental Crown Lifespan 

The duration of dental crowns depends heavily on the material chosen. While each patient has a unique situation, I gravitate to porcelain crowns not only for longevity but for aesthetics. Understanding these materials is crucial for permanent crown longevity:

Porcelain Crowns:

Metal Crowns:

Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Crowns:

Additional Factors Influencing How Long Dental Crowns Last:

Early Warning Signs Affecting Dental Crown Lifespan 

While dental crowns last many years, they require regular monitoring. Watch for these indicators that might affect your crown’s durability:

Physical Signs:

Maximizing Your Permanent Crown Longevity 

To ensure your dental crowns last as long as possible, I recommend these preventive measures to patients in my dental office in Ann Arbor

Advanced Oral Hygiene Practices

Protective Measures

Professional Care

The Role of Technology in Your Dental Crown Lifespan

Modern dental technology has significantly improved how long dental crowns last. The latest CAD/CAM systems enable precise crown creation, ensuring better fit and longer-lasting restorations. Digital scanning and 3D modeling help optimize crown placement and bite alignment, contributing to enhanced dental crown lifespan.

Making the Most of Professional Care 

As your dentist in Ann Arbor also serving patients in Canton, Farmington Hills and Livonia, I’m committed to helping your dental crowns last their full potential lifespan. Research consistently shows that patients who maintain regular dental visits experience up to 60% longer crown longevity compared to those who only seek emergency dental care.

Our comprehensive approach includes:

Investment in Your Oral Health 

Understanding how long dental crowns last helps you make informed decisions about your dental health investment. While the initial cost might seem significant, the long-term value of a well-maintained crown cannot be overstated.

Do you think you need a dental crown, or are concerned about older crowns? If you need a dental crown in Ann Arbor, call us today for a personalized consultation about your dental crown lifespan and care options. Our experienced team will help you achieve maximum longevity for your dental restorations.

The holiday season can be filled with fun, but it can also bring added stress. From shopping to hosting gatherings and finishing year-end work, stress can creep up, which may have surprising effects on oral health. 

How Does Stress Affect Oral Health?

Stress affects your body in many ways, including your mouth. Here’s how stress can impact your oral health:

When stressed, some people grind or clench their teeth without even realizing it. This habit can cause:

Stress weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight infections like gum disease. Symptoms of gum disease include:

Signs That Stress is Impacting Your Oral Health

How can you tell if stress is affecting your teeth and gums? Look out for these common signs:

If you notice any of these symptoms, we encourage you to call our dental office in Livonia. We can help you find the cause and recommend steps to prevent further damage.

Protecting Your Oral Health During Stressful Times

Although some stress may be unavoidable, there are things you can do to protect your mouth and reduce the impact of stress. Here are some simple ways to keep your teeth and gums healthy:

Keeping up with brushing and flossing can prevent a lot of stress-related oral health issues. Be sure to:

Reducing stress can help protect your smile. Try these stress-busting activities:

If you grind or clench your teeth, a mouthguard might be helpful. Your dentist can provide a custom mouthguard to protect your teeth and ease jaw discomfort.

Sleep can have a huge impact on both stress levels and oral health. Aim for seven to eight hours of quality sleep each night to allow your body to recover.

If you’re experiencing signs of stress-related oral health issues, don’t hesitate to contact our dental office in Livonia. Regular dental visits can help catch and treat problems before they worsen, helping you enjoy a healthy smile through every season.

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia.

Mouth taping is one of the latest trends among people looking to improve their sleep by keeping their mouths shut while sleeping, forcing them to breathe through the nose instead. While some believe this can lead to better sleep, the practice has potential risks, particularly for your teeth and gums. Before jumping on the mouth taping bandwagon, it’s important to understand the potential effects this trend could have on your oral health.

What Is Mouth Taping?

Mouth taping involves placing a small piece of medical or hypoallergenic tape over your lips while you sleep. The goal is to prevent mouth breathing, which may cause issues such as snoring and dry mouth. By taping the mouth shut encourages nose breathing. Nose breathing helps filter and humidify the air before it enters your lungs. Many believe mouth taping can:

However, while this trend may have some potential benefits, significant concerns need to be considered before trying it.

Can Mouth Taping Help With Breathing?

Mouth taping is often touted as a quick, easy, and cheap way to encourage nose breathing. However, it’s not always effective for everyone, especially if underlying conditions like nasal congestion, allergies, or sleep apnea make it difficult to breathe through your nose. For individuals with these conditions, mouth taping might not be a viable solution and could worsen the problem.

It’s important to remember that nose breathing is only beneficial if your nasal passages are clear and open. If you struggle with nasal congestion, taping your mouth won’t address the root cause of your breathing problems.

The Risks of Mouth Taping for Oral Health

While mouth taping may seem harmless, it can lead to a number of oral health concerns, especially when used regularly. Here are some risks to consider:

  1. Dry Mouth

The most common side effect of mouth taping is dry mouth. When you tape your mouth shut, saliva flow is restricted, leading to a dry environment in the mouth. Harmful bacteria can thrive without adequate moisture, increasing the risk of cavities and gum disease.

  1. Increased Risk of Gum Disease

Saliva not only helps to clean the teeth but also protects the gums from infection. Without enough saliva, plaque and bacteria can build up along the gumline, potentially leading to gingivitis, gum recession, or more severe gum disease.

  1. Tooth Decay

Your teeth rely on saliva to stay healthy. Without it, the risk of tooth decay increases significantly. The acids produced by bacteria can erode enamel, leading to cavities and other dental issues. Mouth taping can also exacerbate existing oral health problems, especially for individuals already prone to cavities.

  1. Skin Irritation Around the Lips

The adhesive on the tape can cause skin irritation, rashes, or sores around your lips. This can be especially uncomfortable for people with sensitive skin. These irritations may also increase the likelihood of infection, further complicating your oral health.

  1. Jaw Strain

Taping your mouth shut can place unnecessary stress on your jaw, especially if you’re unable to breathe through your nose. This added pressure can lead to discomfort in your jaw muscles, and in some cases, it may contribute to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues or bite misalignment.

Is Mouth Taping the Right Solution for You?

Mouth taping may seem like a quick fix to encourage better sleep, but it’s not the right choice for everyone. If you suffer from nasal congestion, sleep apnea, or any other condition that makes it difficult to breathe through your nose, mouth taping could make things worse.

Before trying this trend, it’s best to speak with your dentist in Canton or a physician. They can help determine the underlying cause of your mouth breathing and suggest more effective and safer treatments.

Safer Alternatives to Mouth Taping

If you’re looking to reduce mouth breathing and improve your sleep, there are safer alternatives to mouth taping that won’t risk your oral health:

If nasal congestion is the issue, try using saline sprays or consulting a doctor for treatments to help clear your nasal passages before bed.

Adding moisture to the air while you sleep can prevent dryness in your mouth and nose.

Practice nose breathing exercises during the day to make it easier to breathe through your nose at night.

A dentist can provide an oral appliance to help with snoring and mouth breathing without the risks associated with tape.

While mouth taping may seem like a simple way to improve your breathing and sleep, the potential risks to your oral health are not worth overlooking. Dry mouth, gum disease, tooth decay, and skin irritation are just a few of the issues that could arise from taping your mouth shut during sleep.

If you’re struggling with mouth breathing or snoring, it’s important to explore safer alternatives and consult your Canton dentist to find the best solution for your oral health. Your smile – and your sleep – are both worth protecting.

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia

November is Diabetes Awareness Month, a time to learn more about diabetes and how it can affect your overall health, including your oral health. If you or someone you know has diabetes, it’s important to understand how diabetes can impact your oral health and what you can do to stay healthy.

Understanding Diabetes

Diabetes is a condition where your body has trouble controlling blood sugar levels. There are two main types:

Both types can lead to high blood sugar levels, which can cause various health problems, including issues with oral health.

How Diabetes Affects Your Mouth

Diabetes can lead to several dental problems, including:

People with diabetes are more likely to develop gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). High blood sugar can make it harder for your body to fight infections, which can lead to swollen, bleeding gums.

Diabetes can cause a decrease in saliva production, leading to dry mouth. Saliva is important because it helps wash away food particles and bacteria. A dry mouth can increase your risk of cavities and infections.

High blood sugar levels can lead to an increase in sugar in your saliva. This sugar can feed the bacteria in your mouth, leading to cavities.

If you have diabetes, cuts or sores in your mouth may take longer to heal. This can make it easier for infections to develop.

Signs of Oral Health Problems

It’s essential to watch for signs of oral health issues, especially if you have diabetes. Here are some common signs to look out for:

If you notice any of these signs, it’s important to visit your dentist in Livonia as soon as possible.

Tips for Maintaining Oral Health with Diabetes

Maintaining good oral health is crucial if you have diabetes. Here are some tips to help you keep your mouth healthy:

Keeping your blood sugar in check can help prevent many diabetes-related health problems, including those affecting your mouth.

Brush your teeth at least twice a day and floss daily. Use fluoride toothpaste to help prevent cavities.

Drink plenty of water to help combat dry mouth. If you have a dry mouth, sugar-free gum or lozenges can also help stimulate saliva production.

A balanced diet can help you manage diabetes and support your oral health. Limit sugary foods and drinks that can contribute to tooth decay.

Visit your dentist in Livonia regularly for check-ups and cleanings. Your dentist can help identify any issues early and provide treatment options.

This November, take the time to learn more about diabetes and how it can affect your oral health. By understanding the risks and following good oral hygiene practices, you can help protect your mouth and overall health. If you have diabetes, don’t forget to schedule regular dental check-ups to keep your smile bright and healthy!

If you have any questions about your oral health or diabetes, don’t hesitate to reach out to our office. We’re here to help you maintain a healthy smile!

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia.

Cold and flu season is well upon us, and many people are looking for ways to stay healthy. Did you know that your oral health can play a big role in boosting your immune system? Oral health connects to your immune system, and taking care of your teeth and gums can help keep you from getting sick. 

How Oral Health Affects Your Immune System

Your mouth is the entry point for many germs and bacteria. When your oral health isn’t good, it can lead to infections that can weaken your immune system. Here’s how oral health impacts your overall health:

If you have gum disease, bacteria can enter your bloodstream. This can cause inflammation in your body, making it harder for your immune system to fight off illness.

Cavities can lead to tooth infections, which can spread and make your body work harder to fight them off.

While not directly linked to illness, bad breath can indicate poor oral health. If you have persistent bad breath, you may have an underlying issue that could affect your health.

Maintaining good oral health can help keep your immune system strong.

5 Tips for Boosting Your Immune System Through Oral Care

Here are some easy ways to boost your immune system by taking care of your mouth:

  1. Brush Your Teeth Regularly

Brushing your teeth helps remove plaque, the sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth, and prevents cavities and gum disease.

  1. Floss Daily

Flossing is just as important as brushing. It helps remove food particles and plaque from between your teeth, where your toothbrush can’t reach. 

  1. Stay Hydrated

Drinking plenty of water is essential for your overall health, including your oral health. 

  1. Eat a Balanced Diet

A healthy diet can boost your immune system. Focus on foods that are good for your teeth and overall health, such as:

  1. Visit Your Dentist Regularly

Regular dental visits are crucial for maintaining good oral health. At our Farmington Hills dental office, we offer:

These include exams to check for cavities, gum disease, and other issues.

Professional dental cleanings remove plaque and tartar that brushing and flossing may miss.

Fluoride can help strengthen your teeth and protect against cavities.

Dental sealants can protect your molars from decay, especially in children.

Don’t forget about your oral health as cold and flu season approaches! By practicing good oral hygiene, visiting your dentist regularly, and maintaining a healthy diet, you can help boost your immune system. Remember, a healthy mouth contributes to a healthy body.

If you’re due for a dental check-up, contact our Farmington Hills dental office today! We’re here to help you keep your smile and immune system strong this season.

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia

No Shave November, also known as Movember, is a month-long event where men grow facial hair to raise awareness about men’s health issues, such as mental health, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and other health concerns. While you may be paying extra attention to your health this month, don’t forget that oral health is a key part of your overall well-being!

Men’s Oral Health: Why It’s Important to Stay on Top of It

Men are often more likely to skip regular dental visits, but keeping up with your oral health is vital. Issues like gum disease, tooth decay, and even oral cancer are more common among men. Here’s how poor oral health can affect your overall wellness:

Taking a few simple steps to care for your teeth can make a big difference in protecting your health.

Quick Tips for Healthy Teeth

Keeping your teeth in top shape doesn’t have to take a lot of time. A few simple habits can keep your smile strong:

Use a toothbrush with soft bristles and fluoride toothpaste to clean your teeth for two minutes.

Flossing removes food and plaque from between your teeth that your toothbrush can’t reach.

Smoking or chewing tobacco increases the risk of oral cancer, gum disease, and tooth loss.

Sugar feeds the bacteria that cause cavities.

Visiting your dentist in Ann Arbor every six months for a checkup can prevent minor problems from turning into major issues.

Facial Hair and Oral Health

If you’re participating in No Shave November, it’s important to know that facial hair can affect your oral hygiene. While your beard or mustache doesn’t directly harm your teeth, it can trap food particles, oil, and bacteria near your mouth, leading to potential problems like:

To prevent these issues, make sure you:

Dental Services Available at Our Ann Arbor Dental Office

At our Ann Arbor dental office, we offer a range of services to keep your teeth and gums healthy. Whether you’re due for a checkup or need treatment, we’ve got you covered with:

Movember is a great time to raise awareness about health issues that affect men – and that includes oral health. By following a good dental routine and scheduling regular visits to your dentist, you can keep your smile healthy and strong all year long.

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia.

When battling a cold or the flu, the last thing on your mind might be your oral health. However, being sick can have several effects on your mouth that you might not expect. From dry mouth to tooth pain, it’s important to understand how colds and the flu can impact your oral health and what you can do to protect yourself.

Dry Mouth and Dehydration

One of the most common issues during a cold or the flu is dry mouth. When you’re sick, you might breathe through your mouth more often due to nasal congestion, which can dry out your saliva. Saliva is important because it helps remove food particles and bacteria from your teeth. Without enough saliva, you’re more at risk for:

To combat dry mouth, make sure to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water. Sucking on sugar-free lozenges can also help stimulate saliva production.

Cough Syrup and Sugary Medications

Over-the-counter cold and flu medications can provide relief from symptoms, but some of them may harm your teeth. Many cough syrups, lozenges, and throat sprays contain sugar, which can lead to tooth decay if not properly rinsed away. In addition, the acidity in some medications can erode your enamel, leading to increased sensitivity and potential cavities. To protect your teeth while using these medications:

Sinus Pressure and Tooth Pain

If you’ve ever had a cold or the flu and noticed increased tooth pain, your sinuses might be to blame. The sinuses are located just above the roots of your upper teeth. When they become inflamed due to illness, the pressure can cause pain that feels like it’s coming from your teeth. This type of pain is usually temporary but can be alarming if you don’t realize the cause.

If tooth pain persists after your other symptoms have cleared up, it may be a sign of an underlying dental issue. In such cases, visiting our dental office in Livonia for a thorough examination is important.

Vomiting and Tooth Erosion

During this time of year, it’s common to experience nausea and vomiting, which can be tough on your teeth. Stomach acid is very strong, and when it comes into contact with your teeth, it can erode enamel and weaken your teeth, making them more susceptible to decay. To minimize the damage after vomiting:

Taking Care of Your Oral Health During Illness

While it can be challenging to focus on oral hygiene when you’re feeling under the weather, it’s crucial to maintain good habits. Here are some tips to protect your oral health while recovering from a cold or the flu:

If you’re dealing with persistent oral health issues during or after a cold or the flu, it might be time to visit our dental office in Livonia. We can provide personalized advice and treatments to help you maintain a healthy smile.

Our dental office offers comprehensive care to keep your teeth and gums healthy year-round, even when under the weather. Contact us today to schedule an appointment and ensure your oral health is in top shape.

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia.

It can be challenging to know whether you’re dealing with a canker or a cold sore when it comes to sores in or around your mouth. Although they might seem similar, they have distinct differences that are important to understand. Knowing what sets them apart can help you manage your symptoms more effectively and seek the proper treatment when necessary.

Understanding Canker Sores

Canker sores are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside your mouth. Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not caused by a virus and are not contagious. They are often painful, especially when eating or talking, and they usually heal within a week or two.

Most canker sores are mild and don’t require professional treatment. However, if they become unusually large, last longer than two weeks, or are accompanied by other symptoms like fever, you should consider seeing a dentist.

Understanding Cold Sores

Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Unlike canker sores, cold sores are highly contagious and can spread through close contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils. Cold sores typically appear on the lips or around the mouth and go through several stages, from tingling and redness to blistering and crusting.

Cold sores can be uncomfortable and unsightly but generally heal within two to four weeks. Because they are contagious, avoiding close contact with others when you have an active sore is essential.

If you’re ever unsure about what kind of sore you’re dealing with, it’s best to consult a dentist who can diagnose properly and recommend the best course of action.

How a Dentist Can Help

Though both canker sores and cold sores are typically harmless, there are times when you might need to see a dentist. If your sores are particularly painful, last longer than expected, or you experience frequent outbreaks, it’s time to make an appointment. Our dental office in Canton can help provide: 

Understanding the difference between canker and cold sores is crucial for managing oral health. If you’re looking for a dentist in Canton who can provide individualized care and advice, don’t hesitate to reach out to us. We’re here to help you with all your dental needs!

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia.

Menopause is a significant life transition that brings about many changes in a woman’s body, including her oral health. The hormonal shifts that occur during this time can lead to various dental issues, making it essential for women to be aware of the potential effects on their teeth and gums.

How Menopause Affects Oral Health

As estrogen levels drop during menopause, women may experience several oral health challenges, including:

Reduced saliva production is a common issue, leading to a dry mouth, which can increase the risk of cavities and oral infections.

Hormonal changes can make gums more sensitive and prone to bleeding or swelling, possibly leading to gum disease if not addressed.

Some women experience burning sensations or pain in their mouth, often referred to as Burning Mouth Syndrome.

Hormonal fluctuations can alter taste perception, sometimes causing a metallic taste or a decrease in taste sensitivity.

Decreased estrogen levels can lead to a loss of bone density, including in the jawbone, which may affect tooth stability.

Tips for Maintaining Oral Health During Menopause

To help maintain good oral health during menopause, consider the following tips:

A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D can support bone health, helping to maintain strong teeth and jawbones.

Drinking plenty of water helps combat dry mouth and supports overall oral hygiene.

Maintain a consistent oral hygiene routine by brushing twice daily, flossing, and using fluoride toothpaste to protect your teeth.

Visit our dental office in Livonia regularly to monitor any changes in your oral health and address potential issues early. Our dentist may also recommend products to alleviate dry mouth or discomfort, such as saliva substitutes or special mouth rinses.

The Importance of Dental Care During Menopause

Regular dental visits are crucial during menopause, as your dentist can detect early signs of issues like gum disease or bone loss. With the right care, these problems can be managed effectively, preventing more severe complications. If you’re experiencing new symptoms, such as increased gum sensitivity or oral discomfort, your dentist can provide targeted treatments to help you manage these changes.

At our Livonia dental practice, we understand the unique challenges that menopause can bring to your oral health. Our team is here to provide personalized care and guidance to help you navigate these changes. Whether you’re dealing with dry mouth, gum sensitivity, or other menopause-related concerns, we offer solutions tailored to your needs.

If you’ve noticed changes in your oral health during menopause or it’s time for your next dental checkup, we encourage you to contact us. Our experienced team has been committed to helping you maintain a healthy, beautiful smile for years.

We’re always accepting new patients at our dental offices in Ann Arbor, Canton, Farmington Hills, and Livonia.

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